\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u6e7e\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u5de5\u4eba\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u540d\u56fd\u9645\u957f\u5cb8\u5de5\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\uff08International Longshoremen’s Association\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5458\u505c\u6b62\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u4ed6\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f62\u5de5\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u8bb8\u591a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u5fe7\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u4e0d\u59a8\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u95fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u3010\u7f62\u5de5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u6b21\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u957f\u5cb8\u5de5\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u8fd0\u8054\u76df\uff08U.S. Maritime Alliance, USMX\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u4e00\u76f4\u5904\u4e8e\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u6e2f\u53e3\u5de5\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\u3002\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cUSMX\u5219\u58f0\u79f0\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u798f\u5229\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8c08\u5224\u65e0\u679c\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u7f62\u5de5\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u62dc\u767b\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u52a8\u7528\u300a\u5854\u592b\u8131-\u54c8\u7279\u5229\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Taft-Hartley Act\uff09\u6765\u5f3a\u5236\u5de5\u4eba\u590d\u5de5\u3002\u62dc\u767b\u4e00\u5411\u4ee5\u201c\u6700\u4eb2\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u81ea\u5c45\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u52a8\u7528\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c06\u5bf9\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u54c8\u91cc\u65af\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u8c61\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u57282024\u5e74\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u4e34\u8fd1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u62dc\u767b\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a81\u663e\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u52b3\u5de5\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u3010\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3011<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\uff08collective bargaining\uff09\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u8eab\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u9014\u5f84\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u6743\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b\uff08National Labor Relations Act, NLRA\uff09\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u8d4b\u4e88\u5de5\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u6cd5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8c08\u5224\u5185\u5bb9\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u798f\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6761\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u6b64\u6b21\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u529b\u91cf\u5411\u96c7\u4e3b\u65bd\u538b\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u800c\u7f62\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u53d7\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7f62\u5de5\u5e76\u975e\u5de5\u4eba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u6cd5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3001\u4ef2\u88c1\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u96c7\u4e3b\u534f\u5546\u89e3\u51b3\u52b3\u52a8\u7ea0\u7eb7\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7f62\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6297\u8bae\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u591f\u8fc5\u901f\u5f15\u8d77\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u6e2f\u53e3\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u9999\u8549\u3001\u6a31\u6843\u7b49\u8fdb\u53e3\u5546\u54c1\u77ed\u7f3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4ea7\u751f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u3010\u52b3\u5de5\u5728\u7f62\u5de5\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u76ca\u3011<\/p>\n
\u7f62\u5de5\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u90fd\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u7f62\u5de5\u6709\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u53c2\u4e0e\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u53cd\u51fb\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5982\u66ff\u6362\u7f62\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u9501\u5382\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u7f62\u5de5\u524d\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u884c\u52a8\u5408\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u56e0\u53c2\u52a0\u5408\u6cd5\u7f62\u5de5\u800c\u88ab\u89e3\u96c7\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u6743\u6682\u65f6\u66ff\u6362\u7f62\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6027\u7f62\u5de5\u4e2d\uff08\u5373\u4e0e\u85aa\u8d44\u3001\u798f\u5229\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u7f62\u5de5\u884c\u52a8\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u5176\u7f62\u5de5\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u3010\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u3011<\/p>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u6e2f\u53e3\u5de5\u4eba\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u8bc9\u6c42\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5de5\u4f1a\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u6279\u5de5\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53d8\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5bf9\u6297\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6c42\u5229\u6da6\u3001\u5ffd\u89c6\u5de5\u4eba\u798f\u7949\u7684\u6709\u529b\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u57f9\u8bad\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u65f6\u4ee3\u629b\u5f03\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
\u3010\u9762\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\uff1f\u3011<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u7ea0\u7eb7\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5904\u4e8e\u5f31\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5f53\u9047\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u76ca\u5462\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u884c\u52a8\u5408\u6cd5\u5408\u89c4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u52b3\u8d44\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8d4b\u4e88\u5de5\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/p>\n
\n
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\n
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\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u6b21\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u957f\u5cb8\u5de5\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u8fd0\u8054\u76df\uff08U.S. Maritime Alliance, 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